Posachedwapa, paYiwu IntellectualProperty Rights Defense Service Center yomwe ili pansanjika yachiwiri ya Yiwu International Trade Service Center, mabizinesi osiyanasiyana ndi oyang'anira msika anali uphungu pankhani yodziwika ndi kulembetsa dzina la Madrid.Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zamabizinesi akunyumba komanso anthu olembetsa mayina padziko lonse lapansi, Ofesi ya Trademark Office ya State Intellectual Property Office idapereka chilengezo chogwirizana kuti zenera lozindikiritsa dzina la gulu lothandizira liyenera kuthana ndi oyang'anira olembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza 23. maulamuliro atsopano maziko a kalembera wolembetsa dzina la mtundu woyamba, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa dzina, kusuntha, kukhazikitsidwanso, kujambula chilolezo, ndi zina zotero Pa Novembara 21, dipatimenti yolumikizirana ndi Madrid Trademark International Registration ku Yiwu idawululidwa.
Pofika pano, kudzera pawindo la Madrid Trademark Registration and Acceptance Window, mamembala 500 zikwizikwi amsika atha kulembetsa kuti alembetse mayina padziko lonse lapansi ku Yiwu.
Kulembetsa kwa Zizindikiro Zapadziko Lonse kwapeza "chiwongola dzanja chosasinthika" cha mabizinesi omwe amakonda kutumiza kunja
"Msika wakunja wa bungweli wakula bwino posachedwapa, ndipo kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 'chidwi chosasinthika'."Wang Xiao, mwiniwake wa ma racket a udzudzu amagetsi pamsika wa Yiwu, adayamba kukulitsa bizinesi yake ku India, Chile, Philippines, Brazil ndi magawo ena omwe akutukuka kumene zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, akugulitsa ma racket a udzudzu amagetsi osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa cha phindu lake lalikulu, kuchuluka kwa malonda a udzudzu wamagetsi pang'ono kuposa momwe amaganizira.Poganizira kuti luso la chotengera magetsi udzudzu n'zosavuta, sikovuta kuti anapeka ndi ena, zomwe zimayambitsa anaphimba chiopsezo cha yabodza ndi yachiwiri mlingo zinthu zimakhudza zinthu zenizeni.Kuti ateteze ufulu weniweni ndi zokonda za bungwe, adapatsa ofesi ya mayina kuti alembetse mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse payekhapayekha m'maiko omwe atchulidwa kale.
Pofika pano, malonda ang'onoang'ono a Yiwu amatumizidwa kumayiko ndi zigawo zoposa 200 padziko lapansi, ndipo kugulitsa msika kumafika pa 65%.Ku Yiwu, sizosayembekezereka kwa oyang'anira ndi owonera mabizinesi ngati Wang Xiao omwe akufunika kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chakukula kwa bizinesi.
Ochepa amkati adanenanso kuti posachedwa, ndi chidwi chokulirakulira pamwayi wopangidwa ndi ziphaso za oyang'anira zachuma a Yiwu, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi pang'onopang'ono kwakhala mgwirizano.Kukhala ndi mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi pang'onopang'ono kwakhala "kugwirizanitsa" pakati pa mabizinesi a Yiwu akunja.Kuphatikiza apo, mabizinesi ena apa intaneti nawonso adayamba kudziwa zamtunduwu.Chen Yan, woyang'anira bizinesi wapaintaneti ku Yiwu, akuyimira ulamulilo waukulu pamakampani opanga zida zosiyanasiyana zamasewera.Posachedwapa, pamene anthu amaganizira kwambiri za thanzi ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, bizinesi yake yapaintaneti ikupitanso bwino.Bungweli litakulitsidwa mosalekeza, adayamba kutenga nawo gawo ku Japan, South Korea ndi Southeast Asia, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi anthu oyandikana nawo, adalemba bwino mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi.
"Pakadali pano bungwe lasankha kupitiliza kukulitsa malo ogulitsira malonda ndipo likufunika kutsegula magawo abizinesi ku Thailand ndi madera ena aku South America."masiku awiri apitawo, Chen Yan, yemwe adalangiza za kulembetsa mayina amtundu ku Madrid ku Intellectual Property Rights Defense Service Center ku Yiwu City, adati pakuwongolera bizinesi yake, bungweli likuyembekeza kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse pasadakhale. mumsika wofuna kuti mupewe zoopsa zomwe zingachitike muzatsopano zomwe zili ndi chilolezo.
"Owona mabizinesi a Yiwu ndi oyang'anira akuganizira kwambiri za chitetezo chaufulu wa mayina amtundu, ndipo chidwi cha msika pakulembetsa mayina padziko lonse lapansi chikukula."Xu Jie, wamkulu woteteza dzina ku Yiwu komanso wamkulu wa Xujie Trademark Office, adati ndi mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, mabizinesi amatha kupulumutsa zovuta pakukulitsa bizinesi yawo yakunja.
Pakadali pano ku Yiwu, mutha kulembetsa dzina lofananira lamitundu yopitilira 100 nthawi imodzi.
Kulembetsa Chizindikiro cha Madrid komwe Chen Yan adalangizidwa ndi Chen Yan ndi dzina lodziwika bwino pakati pa anthu ochokera ku Madrid Union malinga ndi Pangano la Madrid pa Kulembetsa Zizindikiro Padziko Lonse kapena Ma Protocol ofunikira ku Pangano la Madrid pa Kulembetsa Zizindikiro Padziko Lonse.Mayina osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapezeka motere amatchedwa mayina amtundu wa Madrid.Kuyambira Disembala chaka chatha, League ya Madrid inali ndi anthu 102.M'malo mwake, munthu amene akufuna kulembetsa atha kulembetsa kuti alembetse mayina amtundu womwewo wopitilira mayiko 100 panthawi imodzi polemba fomu yofunsira.Kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid ku Yiwu kwakhala ndi malo ambiri ogwirira ntchito, oyang'anira misika ndi ofuna kukhala ndi mayina omwe ali ndi zosowa zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zhejiang Geely Holding Co., Ltd. ndiye ntchito yayikulu yofunsira kulembetsa dzina la mtundu wa Madrid mumisonkhano ya Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Defense Service Center idavomerezedwa kuti ivomereze kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid.Malinga ndi chidziwitso, pa Novembara 21 chaka chatha, Geely Holdings idapereka zopempha zitatu kuti zilembetse mayina asanu ndi limodzi kuphatikiza "GBLUE" kuphatikiza mayiko 36, lililonse likuphatikizapo mayiko 12.Magulu azinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamaina olembetsedwa akuphatikizapo kuyimitsidwa kwa magalimoto, matayala, magalimoto amagetsi, galimoto yolimbana ndi zida zakuba;maiko omwe amafunsira mayina olembetsedwa akuphatikizapo United States, Belarus, Australia, Turkey, Switzerland, monganso European Union ndi malo osiyanasiyana.
Pofika pano, Geely Holdings yalowa gawo lothandizira pakulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid.Izi zikutanthawuza kuti m'miyezi ingapo, bungwe lidzalandira chilolezo cholembetsa padziko lonse lapansi pa dzina loyenera.M'mabungwe olembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid omwe amavomerezedwa ndi Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Defense Service Center, Yiwu Haowei Biotechnology Co., Ltd ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi.Bungweli likupempha kuti alembetse dzina la mtundu wa CANYE m'mayiko a 50 ku European Union, Southeast Asia, Central ndi Western Asia, North America ndi malo osiyanasiyana, ndi makalasi ake azinthu kuphatikizapo zofukiza za udzudzu, poizoni wa tizilombo, akatswiri a parasitic, akatswiri oletsa njenjete, ndi zina zotero.
Monga tikudziwira, bungwe la Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Defense Service Center lavomereza kuti anthu 11 alembetse mayina amtundu wa Madrid chaka chatha.Otsatirawa akuphatikiza mabizinesi 4 oyandikana nawo a Yiwu, ntchito zisanu zakunja ndi 2 anthu wamba.Mapulogalamu anayi apitilira muyeso woyambira ndipo adalowa mugawo lokhazikika popanda zovuta.
Odziwa zamakampani adapeza kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, zoyesayesa za Yiwu ndi oyang'anira msika akupitiliza kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zakunja, ndipo kusinthanitsa kwamayiko akunja kunapangitsa kuti adziwe bwino za chitetezo cha akatswiri omwe ali ndi chilolezo chaukadaulo.Pofuna kuteteza ufulu weniweni ndi zofuna za mayina amtundu wakunja kunja, ntchito zina zodziwika bwino za m'madera ena zidalemba mayina awo m'mayiko ambiri kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zaka zambiri zapitazo.Masiku ano, ndi kukula kwa kusinthana kwakunja kwa oyang'anira ndalama a Yiwu, kugula mayina amtundu kunja, kufunsira malo olembetsedwa payekhapayekha m'dziko limodzi kapena mayiko ochepa, ndikufunsira mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi akutembenukira kukhala "muyezo" wakusinthana kwamayiko ena. .Kupanga zenera lovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ku Yiwu sikothandiza osati kwa mabizinesi omwe angalembetse mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse pafupi, komanso kuwonjezera mabungwe oyandikana nawo kuti alimbikitse kudziwana bwino ndi chitetezo cha mayina padziko lonse lapansi.
Sungani ndalama zofunsira— - "Paketi" mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi amayika pambali ndalama zambiri
Pakulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, chodetsa nkhawa chachikulu ndi ndalama zomwe zimawononga.Kodi ndalama zogulira mayina padziko lonse lapansi ndi zotani?- Ili ndi funso lomwe limafunsidwa kwambiri tsiku lililonse la ogwira ntchito ku Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Defense Service Center.
Olembetsa mayina a Brand atsimikiza kuti ofuna kulembetsa mayina amtundu womwewo ku European Union, United States ndi United Kingdom akuyenera kulipira pafupifupi 10,850 yuan, pafupifupi 7,300 yuan ndi pafupifupi 6,200 yuan, mosiyana, palimodzi pafupifupi 24,350 yuan, malinga ndi kutembenuka kwamakono.Kunena pang'ono, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, komwe zolemba zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi, ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri.
"Owerengeka ambiri saganizira kwambiri za kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, chifukwa chake amakhudzidwa ndi milandu yabizinesiyi."Yang Taihao, wogwira ntchito ku Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Protection Service Center, adati chimodzi mwazabwino pakulembetsa dzina la Madrid ndikuti chimatha kupulumutsa ndalama zofunsira.Pomwe wosankhidwayo akugwiritsa ntchito mayina amtundu m'maiko ambiri, ndalama zake sizingakhale zotsika.Komabe, malinga ndi ndalama zomwe zimawononga dziko lokhalokha, ndizothandiza kwambiri.Mwachitsanzo: kudzera mukulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, kupempha kuti mulembetsenso dzina lofananira m'maiko opitilira atatu kungawononge ndalama zokwana 15200 yuan yonse.
"Kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kuti alembetse ku India, Chile, Philippines ndi Brazil panthawiyo. akhoza kuika pambali ndalama zambiri kuti alembe mayina a mayiko omwe akugwira ntchito panopa. "Wang Xiao adawonetsa kuti posachedwa, bungweli lakulitsa pang'onopang'ono misika yatsopano yamayiko aku Africa.Posachedwapa, adapeza kuchokera ku Yiwu Intellectual Property Rights Protection Service Center kuti bungwe la African Intellectual Property Organisation ndi mayiko ena aku Africa ndi anthu ochokera ku Madrid Union, zomwe zibweretsa chitonthozo chachikulu ku bungweli kuti lilembetse mayina amtundu waku Africa. mayiko.Ananenanso kuti ngati bizinesi yolembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid ingavomerezedwe momveka bwino, bungwe lidzapulumutsa ndalama zambiri zofunsira.
Xu Jie adanenanso kuti zaka zoposa 10 m'mbuyomo, pamene adavomereza kuti a Yiwu adalira ntchito zina za Yiwu kuti alembe dzina la mtundu wa Madrid, panali mayiko oposa 80 oti asankhe.M'maiko ochepa omwe sanali anthu panthawiyo, kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lachidziwitso kunkawononga ndalama zoyambira US $5600 mpaka US $4500 zina.Pakadali pano pali mayiko opitilira 100 omwe ali mgululi, ndipo ndalama zolembetsa dzina la mtundu wa Madrid m'mapaketi zatsika kwambiri.Mwachizoloŵezi, samalamula kuti asankhe dziko limodzi kapena angapo pomwe akufunsira kuti alembetse dzina la mtundu wa Madrid, Yang adati, chifukwa pabizinesi iliyonse, kuyang'ana kwaufulu wotetezedwa kudzachitika. yonjezerani 5600 yuan pa "zotsimikizika" zolembetsa, ndipo pambuyo pake mudzalipiritse ndalama zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa malinga ndi ndalama zofunsira mayiko osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, ngati ofuna kulembetsa alembetse dzina la mtundu wa Madrid m'dziko limodzi lokha, mtengo wake ukhoza kukhala wokwera kuposa mtengo wofunsira kulembetsa dzina lamtundu m'dziko lokhalokha.
Zikuoneka kuti kulimbikitsa oyang'anira msika kuti alembetse mayina amtundu wa Madrid, boma la Yiwu Municipal lapereka ndalama zambiri pakulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid - - pambuyo polembetsa bwino dzina la mtundu wa Madrid kudzera muulamuliro wovomerezeka wa Yiwu, atha. pezani theka la ndalama zolembetsa za "magawo otsimikizika".Pewani malire osiyanasiyana - - Njira zingapo zolembera mayina padziko lonse lapansi zimapezeka.Mosiyana ndi izi, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi kumakhala ndi malire kwa omwe akufuna.Ngakhale zivute zitani, amalonda ndi oyang'anira angathe kutsatira njira yabwino yoti apewe.
"Masiku angapo m'mbuyomo, nditapita ku ofesi ya mayina amtundu kuti ndikadziwitse za anthu omwe amalembetsa mayina amtundu, adandiuza kuti mayiko angapo amafuna kuti munthu amene akufunafuna kulembetsa azikhala ndi nthawi yoti akhale ndi nthawi, mwachitsanzo, kuti azikhalamo. malo oyandikana nawo kwa chaka chathunthu asanalembetse dzina lachidziwitso m'dzikolo; mayiko ochepa ali ndi malire pamagulu azinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi; mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi malangizo osiyanasiyana pamapangidwe amtundu womwe watumizidwa ... "Chen Yan adauza atolankhani, titatha kukambirana, adakhumudwa ndipo sanapeze njira yoti alembetse mayina a zilembo zakunja.Oyang'anira misika ena amanenanso kuti mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana komanso zoletsa pakulembetsa mayina.Ngati apemphadi kulembetsa m’dziko lokhala kwaokhayo achitapo kanthu mopambanitsa monga m’mbuyomu, sangapambane m’kulembetsa m’zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.
Monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Yiwu kutetezedwa kwaufulu waukadaulo, mokulira, mothandizidwa ndi kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, ofuna kulowa nawo atha kupewa zovuta zambiri zomwe zingachitike polembetsa mayina amtundu m'dziko laokha.Mwachitsanzo: mutha kulembetsa dzina lolembetsedwa mukakhala m'dziko linalake pa nthawi yake;ngati simukukhazikitsa bungwe kapena ntchito m'dziko linalake, dzina lachidziwitso lomwe mukufuna kuti mulembetse liyenera kulembedwa mwachidule chifukwa cha anthu oyandikana nawo kapena mabungwe osiyanasiyana… zipewedwe bwino.Kwa ofuna kusankhidwa, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid ndi "njira yobiriwira" yomwe imadutsa muzolemba zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse lapansi.Zimawerengedwa kuti kumayambiriro kwa kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, cholinga chake ndikugwira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndikulembetsa mayina amtundu pakati pa mayiko omwe ali mgulu la mgwirizano ndikulimbitsa chitetezo chaufulu ndi zokonda zenizeni za eni mayina amtundu.Pambuyo pazaka zopitilira 100, maiko ambiri awona chitonthozo cha dongosolo lake lolembetsa.Mogwirizana ndi izi, zoyesayesa zambiri zomwe zimafuna kulembetsa kulembetsa mayina amtundu wawo nthawi imodzi m'maiko ambiri zatenga kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid ngati njira yabwino kwambiri.
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ngakhale zili bwino pakulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, ofuna kusankhidwa akuyenera kuthana ndi nkhani zomveka bwino ndikukonzekera bwino, ndipo akuyenera kumvetsetsa kuti sizinthu zonse kuphatikiza kulembetsa mayina padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zitha kuthetsedwa.Monga tikudziwira, njira zamakono zofunsira kulembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi zitha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa EU, kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa African Intellectual Property Organisation, ndi kulembetsa mayina amtundu wamtundu umodzi.
"Kutengera njira zotchulira mitundu inayi yosankha mayina, zitha kuwoneka kuti ngati mayiko omwe akutsata omwe akubwera ndi omwe ali ku EU kapena ku Africa, ndiye kuti, nthawi yomweyo funsani mtundu. kulembetsa mayina kuyenera kuperekedwa ku EU kapena ku African Intellectual Property Organisation; ngati mayiko omwe akufuna kukhala nawo atayidwa, kulembetsa dzina la Madrid kumatha kuganiziridwa, ndipo pambuyo pake kulembetsa dzina ladziko lokhalokha kungagwiritsidwe ntchito. kuti muphatikizepo mfundo."Malinga ndi Xu Jie, kugwiritsa ntchito kulembetsa mayina padziko lonse lapansi sikungachepetse kuchuluka kwa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kupulumutsa mtengo wosankha m'malo ambiri.
Zinthu ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pofunsira kulembetsa dzina lamtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ogwira ntchito ku Yiwu omwe ali ndi zilolezo zoyang'anira zachitetezo chachitetezo chaukadaulo adakumbutsa kuti munthu wofuna kulembetsa dzina lachidziwitso akapereka fomu yolembetsa mayina amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikwanzeru kuyang'ana pasadakhale monga zasonyezedwera ndi malangizo ofunikira kuti muwone ngati mukukwaniritsa zofunikira: The choyamba ndi kuthekera kwa phungu.Wosankhidwayo ayenera kukhala ndi bizinesi yeniyeni komanso yokakamiza ku China, kapena kukhala ndi nyumba ku China, kapena kukhala ndi chizindikiritso cha China.Munthu wovomerezeka kapena wamba ku Taiwan Province atha kulembetsa kulembetsa padziko lonse lapansi kudzera ku Trademark Office ya State Intellectual Property Office, pomwe munthu wovomerezeka kapena wamba ku Hong Kong ndi Macao m'zigawo zotsogola zapadera sangakhale ndi kanthu kuti alembetse padziko lonse lapansi kudzera pa Trademark. Ofesi kuyambira pano.
Chachiwiri ndi mikhalidwe yofunsira.Dzina lofunsira kulembetsa padziko lonse lapansi litha kukhala dzina lomwe lalembedwa ku China, kapena dzina lomwe lalembetsedwa ndikuvomerezedwa ku China.Chachitatu ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito.Pali njira ziwiri zosiyana za omwe akufuna kulembetsa mayina amtundu wa Madrid padziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu Trademark Office: imodzi ndikupereka ofesi yamtundu womwe boma likuwona, (mwachitsanzo, Yiwu ali ndi chilolezo cha innovation rights management management, kapena mtundu wina. tchulani malo ogwirira ntchito omwe amachitira bizinesiyo), ndipo ina ndikupereka fomu yofunsira ku ofesi ya Trademark popanda kuthandizidwa ndi wina aliyense (mutha kulowa nawo patsamba lovomerezeka la Trademark Office kuti mufunse).
Chachinayi ndi njira.Kuyanjana kuli motere: choyamba, ikani zida zogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo pambuyo pake perekani zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito.Kenako, perekani ndalama zolembetsera monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi zidziwitso za ndalama, pomaliza pezani chilolezo cholembetsa padziko lonse lapansi.Ngati wolembetsayo atha kutenga nawo gawo mu njira yolipirira yolembetsa yomwe ili pafupi, munthuyo adzafunsira thandizo lomwe akuyenera kulandira pambuyo povomerezedwa.
Chachisanu ndi zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito.Woyimira dzina lachidziwitso atha kupeza zofunikira kuchokera ku bungwe lamtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi.Lembani mawonekedwe a Chitchaina ndi Chingerezi monga momwe akufunira ndikuwapereka.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuyesayesa kudzapereka chilolezo chogwiritsira ntchito ndikusunga khadi, ndipo munthu wabwinobwino apereke chiphaso cha ID ndi khadi la dzina lachidziwitso.
Pamapeto pake, ndiye malire a nthawi ya dzina lamtundu.Nthawi yovomerezeka ya kulembetsa padziko lonse lapansi ndi nthawi yayitali kuyambira tsiku lolembetsa padziko lonse lapansi.Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nthawi yovomerezeka, poganiza kuti eni ake akuyenera kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lachidziwitso, kulembetsa kudzabwezeretsedwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-10-2021